The use and delivery of genetic services has not kept pace with the many advancements in medical genetics and genetic technologies. In most countries genetic services are either lacking or in nascent stages of development. Further, the quality and availability of genetic services vary between high-income countries and low- to middle-income countries. In the United States, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, and other European countries, genetic services are well established, advanced and widespread. These services include carrier identification screening, prenatal diagnosis, new-born screening and other Yet in many high-income countries, genetic services that are offered in multiple settings (including community clinics, academic health centres, public health departments, and private practice) still need improved systems of assessment. Genetic services have been implemented in developing countries since the 1970s and 1980s through teaching hospitals in major urban areas or as part of research projects, without coordination with related health services. The emphasis has been on cytogenetics,prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal anomalies. Medical genetic specialities have been set up in Mexico, Cuba, Brazil and Argentina. Outside of United States, Canada and Europe,Chile, India, Korea, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Singapore, and Turkey.!

The application of genomics across the fields and disciplines generate!

 

 

 

• Knowledge,Expansion and Education–Benjamin Franklin wrote that“an investment in knowledge pays the best interest.” We live in a modern economy that depends on innovation and technological advancement for economic progress and that equally depends on a knowledgeable and skilled populace to achieve high productivity economic activity. The sequencing of the human genome has generated a startling advance in our knowledge of fundamental biological structures and molecular processes, and that knowledge opens new horizons for future development.!

 

 

• Economic Development–The tools and technologies of genomics, in part empowered by the Human Genome Project and associated programs, are resulting in the growth of commercial enterprise focused on the production of genomic analysis equipment, laboratory supplies and the provision of genomic analysis services. With a distinct concentration of this commercial enterprise in the United States, the HGP and Celera programs have supported the growth of this domestic industry. Furthermore, the application of biological knowledge generated is opening new product development pathways in human biomedical products and applications in many other business sectors.!

 

 

 

• Human Health–Through these quenching of the human genome,biomedical scientists have a more accurate understanding of the molecular biology of the human. This understanding is being applied to identify targets for new and existing therapeutics, to develop highly refined diagnostic tests, and pave the way for a new paradigm of personalized medicine. With the genome in hand, researchers are also advancing promising new disciplines such as gene therapy and regenerative medicine.!

 

 

 

• EnvironmentalSustainability–Human activity has significant impacts on our environment; to the extent that scientific consensus is that we are precipitating climate change. Pollution from human activities has impacted our soils, water and air and, as a result, ourselves and other organisms in the biosphere. The application of genomics advancements, however, is driving the development of technological solutions to environmental challenges. Genetic engineering of microbes to capture, digest and mitigate various environmental pollutants is one impact area, together now with the ability to use genomics‐driven synthetic biology to engineer entirely new organisms. The application of genomics to biofuels and environmentally sustainable renewable chemicals and industrial inputs is a “here and now” area of impact, with positive benefits being felt and great promise for the future in advanced biofuels and industrial bio economy applications.!

 

 

 

 

• Food,Security and Safety–Growth in global population and income levels is leading to a dramatic increase in the demand for food. Predictions are that by 2030 we will need to double global food production.84 Genomics is empowering advancements in crop and livestock improvement, providing us with higher yielding crops, protection of our food supply from disease and pests, and food products with enhanced nutrition content and functional health promoting characteristics. Advanced sequencing technologies, spurred in their development by human genome sequencing, are empowering a new green revolution in agriculture and food production, and also assuring a safer food supply. The positive economic consequences are broad and deeply felt—ranging from new products and opportunities for producers, reduced input costs for farmers, reduced losses, and enhanced health and associated productivity and welfare.!

 

 

• NationalSecurity–The application of modern genomic knowledge is also enhancing U.S. national security across multiple fronts. The development of domestic advanced biofuels and bio based industrial inputs is reducing dependence on foreign oil, while genomics is also on the front lines in addressing the threat of bioterrorism.!

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Justice–Genomicsisbeingappliedtocriminalandsocial justice .As a unique identifier, the genome holds promise for definitive identification of the individual, but beyond that it provides the means to trace biological materials to point of origin (important for investigations). On a social justice front, the sequencing of the human genome also shifts basic thinking on such divisive issues as race, and is providing new paths for more equitable access to food, healthcare and economic opportunity!

 

 

 

• Thehorizonsofdevelopmentareonlygrowinganditislikely that in the future,development into these fields can only increase